Map-based Repowering of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Based on Burrowing Owl Burrows, Raptor Flights, and Collisions with Wind Turbines
نویسندگان
چکیده
.............................................................................................................................................. ix Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Study Area ............................................................................................................................ 7 3.0 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 11 3.1. Fatality Searches ............................................................................................................. 11 3.2. Raptor Flight Observations ........................................................................................... 12 3.3. Mapping Burrowing Owl and Mammal Burrows ..................................................... 14 3.4. Burrowing Owl Spatial Distribution ........................................................................... 15 4.0 Results ................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1. Raptor Flight Observations ........................................................................................... 23 4.2. Burrowing Owl Burrow Locations .............................................................................. 28 4.3. Spatial Model of Burrowing Owl Burrows ................................................................. 31 4.4. Relationships of Burrowing Owl Burrows With Ground Squirrel Burrow Systems ........................................................................................................................................... 40 5.0 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 43 5.1. How the Spatial Model of Burrowing Owl Burrows Related to Fatalities ............. 44 5.2. Future Research Needs .................................................................................................. 45 6.0 References ............................................................................................................................. 47 7.0 Glossary ................................................................................................................................ 49
منابع مشابه
Map-Based Repowering and Reorganization of a Wind Resource Area to Minimize Burrowing Owl and Other Bird Fatalities
Wind turbines in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Alameda/Contra Costa Counties, California, USA) generate about 730 GWh of electricity annually, but have been killing thousands of birds each year, including >2,000 raptors and hundreds of burrowing owls. We have developed collision hazard maps and hazard ratings of wind turbines to guide relocation of existing wind turbines and careful rep...
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WEST, Inc. (2006) reported on the first year of fatality monitoring in the Diablo Winds Energy Project, which replaced 169 vertical axis wind turbines with 31 larger horizontal axis wind turbines in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA). WEST, Inc. also compared bird utilization and mortality in the project area to utilization and mortality reported by Smallwood and Thelander (2004) acro...
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